The Scot swept Milos Raonic aside in straight sets in front of Mr Cameron and Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon.
Mr Cameron posted on his official Twitter account: "Congratulations to @andy_murray on his second #Wimbledon title. What a fantastic performance and what a proud day for British tennis."
Tennis fans and stars took to Twitter to praise Murray's success.
Murray's brother Jamie posted: "Amazing. Amazing. Amazing. @andy_murray 2 wimbledon titles."
Australian Pat Cash - who won Wimbledon in 1987 - wrote: "#Murray takes his 2nd #Wimbledon title with some of the best tennis I've seen! A truly inspired performance. Congratulations @andy_murray."
British player Laura Robson - who crashed out in the first round - said: "YESSSSSS. Unreal level for the whole tournament @andy_murray. Beyond impressive."
Deputy Labour leader Tom Watson posted: "Thank you @andy_murray. Genius."
MP for Glasgow East Natalie McGarry said: "Ya dancer! Our boy Andy Murray. Two #Wimbledon Grand Slams. Three Slams in total. Commiserations to Raonic. He has a great future."
The Scot's former coach Amelie Mauresmo tweeted: "Andyyyyyyyyyyy Fantastic achievement! Well deserved."
Ms Sturgeon posted: "Congratulations to @andy_murray!," and alongside a picture of Murray holding the trophy aloft she wrote simply: "CHAMPION!"
Alex Salmond described Murray as the "master of Wimbledon" in a tweet.
Wales and Real Madrid footballer Gareth Bale said: "What an achievement @andy_murray!! 2 time wimbledon champion."
London Mayor Sadiq Khan wrote: "Huge congrats to #Wimbledon champion @andy_murray! Proud to have the world's best tennis tournament here in our city."
The official Royal Family Twitter account posted: "Congratulations to the 2016 Wimbledon Champion Andy Murray - an amazing achievement! #Wimbledon."
Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson congratulated the Scot with a photo of herself and fiancee Jen Wilson pulling an impression of Murray's coach Ivan Lendl. The coach is famous for retaining an unmoved expression throughout Murray's highs and lows in a match.
Alongside her photo, Ms Davidson wrote: "Get in, my son!!!! Our #LendlFaces are overcome with emotion at Chateau Wilson-Davidson. What a win! Well done Andy."
Marathon world record holder Paula Radcliffe wrote: "Great @andy_murray match, interview and humour. A pleasure to watch, enjoy, this Championship. #Wimbledon2016 #legend."
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